Gerunds ( = -ing)

We use the -ing form of a verb:
 
 * As the SUBJECT of a sentence:
Eating vegetables is healty
Studying is an important part of your responsibility.
 
   * After PREPOSITIONS:
I am tired of wasting time
She kept on trying

   * After some VERBS; for example:
like, enjoy, dislike, love, practise, avoid, recommend, suggest
Examples:

She really likes reading at night
She suggested going for a walk
They avoid repeating words in their writing exercise
They recommended trying that new restaurant
They practise playing the piano twice a week

To infinitive

We use the full infinitive:
 
 * After an ADJECTIVE:
This mobile phone is easy to carry
That film is nice to see
   
  * To express PURPOSE
Use this device TO clean the screen
I need  a printer TO print this document.

     *after some VERBS:
 learn, want, plan, need, decide.
 I want TO buy a new sweater
She is planning TO go on holidays to Brussels.
We decided TO organise a  school trip
I learned TO drive when I was eighteen.

1.-Rephrase the following sentences using UNLESS

Example:.- If the neighbours don´t stop shouting, I'll call the police
Unless the neighbours stop shouting, I'll call the police.

a.-if he doesn't pay the fine, he may go to prison

b.-if she doesn't study hard, she will fail the test.

c.-They will buy a new car if this one doesn't work properly.

d.-if you do not hurry up, you will miss the bus.

e.-We won't go for a walk if you do not finish your homework.


2.-Rewrite the following sentences omitting IF

a.- If I were you, I would stop smoking:
Were I you, I would stop smoking

b.-If you drink too much coke, you won't be able to sleep

c.- If I had had time, I would have phoned you earlier.

d.-If you see Tom tonight, give him my regards

e.-If I had known about the party, I would have gone

f.- If She were my daughter, I'd phone the police.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:

There are many ways to make sentences with IF. Most tenses are possible.

Oil floats if you pour it on water.
If I won a lottery, I would travel around the world.
If you had worked harder last year you would have passed your exam.

There are three types of conditional sentences
1st Type: they refer to 'real, possible' situations.
                                
If+ present simple+ * future tense: (possible situations for the future)
If+ present simple +* simple present ( Universal truths)
If + present simple+ *imperative   
If+ present simple+ * modal verb

If she invites me, I will probably go to the party.
Oil floats if you pour it on water
If you are so tired; go to bed.
If I have time, I might go shopping.


2nd Type: they are used to talk about unreal or hypothetical situations:

If + past simple+ conditional tense( would+ bare infinitive).

If I had longer holidays I would be perfectly happy.
I would like you better if you were quieter
If I were you, I would invite her 

3rd Type: When we want to talk about things that didn't happen in the past ( imagining what would have happened if things had been different...)

If+ Past perfect+ perfect conditional ( would have+ past participle)

If you had asked me, I would have told you the whole story.
I would have gone to the party If she had invited me
If we hadn't left so early, we would have missed the train. 


CONDITIONAL SENTENCES are often introduced by IF or UNLESS(=if not), but the following expresions can also be used instead of IF: providing, provided (that), as long as, in case, even if, only if...
Unless you reserve a ticket, you won't get a seat
You will get a seat as long as / providing/ only if you reserve a ticket .

WE CAN OMIT" IF" ; when we omit "IF" SHOULD, WERE, HAD ( past perfect) come before the subject. 


(1st type)
*  If he turns up, tell him to wait for me  = 
 SHOULD he turn up, tell him to wait for me.


(2nd type)
*  If I were you, I would speak to her  =    
Were I you, I would speak to her 


(3rd type)
 * If he had known, he would have told us  =   
Had he known, he would have told us.
BUT FOR ( + NOUN GROUP)= ( IF IT HADN'T BEEN FOR...)
Ex: But for the weather; we would have gone to the beach
( If it hadn't been for the weather, we would have gone to the beach)

But for my parents; I would have missed the train 
(If it hadn't been for  my parents ...I would have missed the train...)

This is just to say ( adapted from William Carlos Williams')

This is just to say

I have read
the diary
that was in 
your room

and which 
you were probably
saving
for my sister

Forgive me
It was interesting
so new
and so beautiful

Paula Huidobro y Jaime Cano

This is just to say ( adapted from William Carlos Williams')

This is just to say

This is just to say     (adapted from William Carlos Williams')

I have broken 
the book
that was in the wardrobe

and which 
you were probably
saving
for reading

forgive me
it was interesting
so short 
and so funny

Juan Marquina

(Adapted from William Carlos Williams' "This is just to say")

This is just to say

I have lost the opportunity
that  was in 
my life

and which 
I were probably
saving
for another boy

forgive me
you were wonderful
so sweet
and so precious.

by Belén Martín-Fontecha

This is just to say (adapted from william carlos williams)
I have sung
that song
in the radio

And which
you were probably
writting
for party

Forgive me
it was pretty
so rythmic
so and fast

By: Oscar Salt and Alejandro Cisneros